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• The State Judiciary – Powers, Structure, and Functions
  The State Judiciary in India is responsible for ensuring justice at the state level. It functions independently and includes the High Court, District Courts, and Subordinate Courts. The High Court is the highest… Read more: The State Judiciary – Powers, Structure, and Functions
• State Legislature in India: Composition and Powers Explained
  The State Legislature is the law-making body at the state level in India. It consists of one or two Houses depending on the state. While all states have a Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha),… Read more: State Legislature in India: Composition and Powers Explained
• The Chief Minister & Council of Ministers
  The Chief Minister (CM) is the head of the state government, exercising real executive power alongside the Governor, the constitutional head. Appointed by the Governor, the CM’s role includes executive, legislative, financial, and discretionary powers. The Council of Ministers assists the CM, managing various state departments and policies, ensuring effective governance.
• The Governor – Powers, Functions, and Role
  The Governor is the constitutional head of an Indian state, appointed by the President and serving a term of five years. The Governor performs various executive, legislative, judicial, and discretionary functions while ensuring constitutional adherence. Their powers include appointing the Chief Minister, summoning the legislature, and recommending President’s Rule.
• Financial Bills – Types, Features, and Procedure
  A Financial Bill is a bill related to financial matters such as taxation, public expenditure, borrowing, and government funds. Unlike a Money Bill, a Financial Bill may contain provisions related to both financial… Read more: Financial Bills – Types, Features, and Procedure
• Money Bills – Definition, Provisions & Procedure
  A Money Bill is a type of bill that deals exclusively with financial matters, such as taxation, borrowing, and government expenditure. Article 110 of the Indian Constitution defines a Money Bill and states… Read more: Money Bills – Definition, Provisions & Procedure
• Ordinary Bills in the Indian Parliament
  An Ordinary Bill is a legislative proposal that can be introduced in either House of Parliament and addresses non-financial matters. It requires approval from both Houses and follows a detailed process before receiving Presidential assent. Key types include Government and Private Member’s Bills, each with distinct introduction mechanisms.
• State List – Powers and Subjects of State Governments
  The State List is one of the three legislative lists in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. It contains subjects on which only the State Legislature has the power to make laws.… Read more: State List – Powers and Subjects of State Governments
• Madras Presidency – History, Administration & Significance
  The Madras Presidency was one of the three major British Presidencies in colonial India, alongside Bengal Presidency and Bombay Presidency. It was established in 1653 and remained a key administrative division of British… Read more: Madras Presidency – History, Administration & Significance
• Concurrent List – Powers and Subjects of Union & State
  The Concurrent List in the Indian Constitution allows both Parliament and State Legislatures to legislate on 52 subjects. In cases of conflict, Parliament’s law prevails. Significant articles include 246 and 254, governing legislative powers and conflicts. Notable subjects encompass education, criminal law, and trade, ensuring uniformity and state flexibility.
• Union List – Powers and Subjects of the Central Government
  The Union List is one of the three legislative lists in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. It contains subjects on which only the Parliament of India has the power to make… Read more: Union List – Powers and Subjects of the Central Government
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  Powers of Parliament
  The Indian Parliament, the supreme legislative body, comprises the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and the President. It holds legislative, executive, financial, judicial, electoral, and amending powers as outlined in the Constitution. Key functions include law-making, budget approval, and government oversight, essential for competitive exams preparation.
• Minerva Mills Case (1980)
  The Minerva Mills Case (1980) was a crucial Supreme Court ruling that strengthened the Basic Structure Doctrine and further limited Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution. The case struck down parts of the… Read more: Minerva Mills Case (1980)
• Vishakha Case (1997)
  The Vishakha Case (1997) was a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India, which laid down guidelines to prevent sexual harassment at workplaces. It was the first legal recognition of women’s right… Read more: Vishakha Case (1997)
• Maneka Gandhi Case (1978)
  The Maneka Gandhi Case (1978) was a historic judgment that significantly expanded the interpretation of Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) in India. The Supreme Court ruled that “personal liberty” includes… Read more: Maneka Gandhi Case (1978)
• Golaknath Case (1967)
  The Golaknath Case (1967) was a historic Supreme Court judgment that ruled that Parliament cannot amend Fundamental Rights. This case was a turning point in Indian constitutional history and directly led to the… Read more: Golaknath Case (1967)
• Doctrine of Basic Structure
  Introduction The Doctrine of Basic Structure is one of the most important judicial principles in Indian Constitutional Law. It was established by the Supreme Court of India in the Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)… Read more: Doctrine of Basic Structure
• Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
  The Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) established the Basic Structure Doctrine, limiting Parliament’s authority to amend the Constitution. The Supreme Court ruled that while amendments are permitted, they cannot alter the Constitution’s core principles. This landmark verdict has significant implications for protecting fundamental rights and maintaining democratic integrity in India.
• Subordinate Courts in India
  Introduction The Subordinate Courts in India are the lowest level of the judiciary, functioning below the High Courts. They play a crucial role in the dispensation of justice at the district and lower… Read more: Subordinate Courts in India
• High Courts in India
  Introduction The High Courts in India are the highest judicial authority at the state level. They function below the Supreme Court and oversee subordinate courts in their respective states. Established under Article 214,… Read more: High Courts in India
• Appointment of Supreme Court Judges
  The appointment of Supreme Court judges in India is a crucial process that ensures the independence and integrity of the judiciary. The system follows constitutional provisions and the Collegium System, which plays a… Read more: Appointment of Supreme Court Judges
• Supreme Court of India
  Introduction The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority in the country. It serves as the guardian of the Constitution, the final court of appeal, and ensures justice by interpreting and… Read more: Supreme Court of India
• Indian Judiciary
  Introduction to Indian Judiciary The Indian judiciary is the system of courts that interprets and applies laws in India. It is independent and separate from the legislative and executive branches of government. The… Read more: Indian Judiciary
• Lok Sabha (Lower House of Parliament)
  1. Introduction 2. Composition of Lok Sabha 3. Elections and Tenure 4. Powers & Functions (A) Legislative Powers: (B) Financial Powers: (C) Executive Control: (D) Constitutional Powers: (E) Emergency Powers: 5. Speaker of… Read more: Lok Sabha (Lower House of Parliament)
• Rajya Sabha vs. Lok Sabha
  While both Rajya Sabha (Upper House) and Lok Sabha (Lower House) play crucial roles in India’s parliamentary system, their powers are not equal. Lok Sabha holds greater authority in several key areas. Below… Read more: Rajya Sabha vs. Lok Sabha
• Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
  Introduction The Rajya Sabha (Council of States) is the Upper House of the Indian Parliament. It represents the states and union territories of India and plays a crucial role in the legislative process.… Read more: Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
• The Parliament of India (Articles 79-122)
  Introduction The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the country. It functions under a bicameral system, consisting of the President, the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the Lok Sabha… Read more: The Parliament of India (Articles 79-122)
• The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (Articles 74-75)
  Introduction The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers play a crucial role in the governance of India. Articles 74 and 75 of the Indian Constitution outline their powers, functions, and responsibilities. This… Read more: The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (Articles 74-75)
• The Vice President of India
  The Vice President of India holds the second-highest constitutional office in the country. This position is modeled after the Vice President of the United States but carries a limited role compared to its… Read more: The Vice President of India
• The President of India (Articles 52-62)
  The President of India is the head of state and the supreme commander of the armed forces. Though largely a ceremonial figurehead, the President plays a crucial role in the functioning of the… Read more: The President of India (Articles 52-62)

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