Full Name: Mohandas Karamchand GandhiBorn: October 2, 1869 (Porbandar, Gujarat)Died: January 30, 1948 (New Delhi)Title: Father of the NationPhilosophy: Truth (Satya) & Non-violence (Ahimsa) 1. Early Life & Education ✔ Born in a Hindu Vaishya (Bania) family in Gujarat.✔ Studied law at Inner Temple, London (1888-1891).✔ Practiced law in Bombay, then moved to South Africa […]
Category: Indian Modern History
Date: Location: Context: Event: Aftermath: Reactions: Aftermath for Dyer: Significance: Key Points for Competitive Exams: This event is critical for understanding the rising anger and eventual mobilization that led to India’s independence in 1947.
The All India Muslim League (AIML) was founded on December 30, 1906, at Dhaka. Its primary aim was to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims. Over time, it played a crucial role in the demand for Pakistan and the eventual partition of India in 1947. 1. Background & Reasons for Formation ✔ Partition of Bengal […]
The Swadeshi Movement emerged in response to the 1905 Partition of Bengal, advocating a boycott of British goods and promotion of Indian products. Key leaders included Dadabhai Naoroji, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Rabindranath Tagore. The movement, marked by public protests and cultural nationalism, laid the groundwork for subsequent independence struggles in India.
The Partition of Bengal in 1905, executed by Lord Curzon, aimed to weaken the growing nationalist movement by dividing Bengal into Hindu-majority and Muslim-majority areas. It sparked widespread protests, leading to the Swadeshi Movement and promoting Indian industries. The partition was reversed in 1911 due to continued opposition, but it deepened communal divisions.
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A.O. Hume
Allan Octavian Hume (1829-1912) was a British civil servant and social reformer instrumental in founding the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 to facilitate peaceful political discussions in India. He advocated for social reforms, education, and farmer welfare while also being a notable ornithologist, contributing significantly to India’s political awakening.
The Indian National Congress (INC), founded on December 28, 1885, was pivotal in India’s struggle for independence from British rule. It evolved through three phases: Moderate, Extremist, and Gandhian. INC led significant movements and negotiations, shaping modern Indian governance and the Constitution post-independence, solidifying its historical importance.
Lord Louis Mountbatten served as the last Viceroy of British India (March 1947 – August 1947) and the first Governor-General of independent India (August 1947 – June 1948). He played a crucial role in the partition of India and the transfer of power. 1. Key Events During Lord Mountbatten’s Tenure 1.1 Mountbatten Plan (June 3, […]
Lord Linlithgow served as the Viceroy of India from 1936 to 1943, making his tenure the longest of any British Viceroy. His rule was marked by World War II, Quit India Movement, and major constitutional developments. 1. Key Events During Lord Linlithgow’s Tenure 1.1 Government of India Act (1935) Implemented (1937) ✔ Provincial autonomy was […]
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Lord Irwin (1926–1931)
Lord Irwin served as the Viceroy of India from 1926 to 1931 during a crucial phase of the Indian freedom movement. His tenure was marked by civil disobedience, negotiations with Indian leaders, and violent British repression. 1. Key Events During Lord Irwin’s Tenure 1.1 Simon Commission (1927) ✔ A 7-member British commission led by Sir […]