Easy Mind MapsThe Rowlatt Act, 1919, officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council. Its purpose was to extend emergency wartime powers into peacetime. It gave the British government enormous powers to suppress political activities and detain Indians without trial. This act led to widespread protests and Gandhi’s first […]
The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, also known as the Government of India Act, 1919, were introduced to increase Indian participation in governance. The reforms were based on the Montagu Declaration (1917), which promised gradual self-governance in India. 1. Background ✔ Montagu Declaration (1917): The Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, announced that India would gradually progress […]
Lord Chelmsford served as the Viceroy of India from 1916 to 1921. His tenure was marked by major political and social developments. These include World War I, the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, the Rowlatt Act, and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. 1. Key Events During Lord Chelmsford’s Tenure (1) World War I (1914–1918) and Its Impact ✔ India’s […]
The Indian Councils Act of 1861 was a landmark law passed by the British Parliament to introduce reforms in the governance of British India. It marked the beginning of representative institutions in India by expanding the Governor-General’s Council and allowing Indians to participate in the legislative process. 1. Background of the Indian Councils Act (1861) […]
The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, also known as the Indian Councils Act of 1909, was a significant step in the constitutional development of British India. It introduced separate electorates for Muslims and expanded the role of Indians in legislative councils. 1. Background of Morley-Minto Reforms ✔ Growing Demand for Representation: ✔ Partition of Bengal (1905): […]
Lord Hardinge II served as the Viceroy of India from 1910 to 1916. His tenure was marked by significant events such as the Delhi Durbar (1911), the shifting of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi, the annulment of the Partition of Bengal, and revolutionary activities. 1. Important Events During Lord Hardinge’s Tenure ✔ Delhi Durbar […]
Lord Minto II served as Viceroy of India from 1905 to 1910, overseeing significant political changes like the Morley-Minto Reforms, the Swadeshi Movement following the Partition of Bengal, and the emergence of revolutionary groups. His tenure deepened communal divisions and increased Indian political representation, impacting future national movements.
Alexander Cunningham (1814–1893) was a British Army engineer and archaeologist known as the “Father of Indian Archaeology.” He founded the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1861 and made significant contributions to the study of ancient Indian history, including identifying major Buddhist sites and deciphering ancient scripts, establishing the foundation for scientific archaeology in India.
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), established in 1861, oversees archaeological research and the preservation of historical monuments in India. Key functions include excavation, conservation, and management of over 3,600 protected sites. Significant laws include the 1904 and 1958 acts, enhancing ASI’s role in safeguarding India’s cultural heritage.
Lord Curzon served as Viceroy of India (1899-1905), implementing notable reforms such as the Partition of Bengal and educational changes. While his policies enhanced administration and conservation efforts, they sparked significant nationalist opposition, particularly due to perceived divide-and-rule tactics. His tenure reflects both progress and contention in Indian history.