The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is the primary organization responsible for archaeological research, conservation, and protection of India’s historical monuments and sites. It plays a crucial role in preserving India’s rich cultural heritage.
1. Establishment and History
✔ Founded: 1861 by Alexander Cunningham during the British rule.
✔ Purpose: Survey, excavation, and conservation of monuments in India.
✔ First Director-General: Alexander Cunningham (1861–1865, 1870–1885).
✔ Revival under Lord Curzon (1901):
- Appointed John Marshall as Director-General.
- Strengthened laws for monument preservation.
✔ Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (1904): - Protected historical monuments from damage.
✔ Post-Independence: The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, 1958, expanded ASI’s authority.
✔ Current Headquarters: New Delhi.
2. Functions of ASI
✔ Excavation and Exploration:
- Discovers historical sites, artifacts, and ancient cities.
✔ Conservation and Preservation: - Protects national heritage sites (e.g., Taj Mahal, Ajanta Caves).
✔ Management of Protected Monuments: - Maintains 3,695 monuments across India.
✔ Epigraphy and Numismatics: - Deciphers ancient inscriptions and coins.
✔ Publication of Reports: - Documents findings in Indian Archaeology – A Review.
✔ International Collaboration: - Works with UNESCO for World Heritage Sites.
3. Important Excavations by ASI
| Site | Discovery | State |
|---|---|---|
| Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro | Indus Valley Civilization (1920s) | Punjab & Sindh (Pakistan) |
| Kalibangan | Early Harappan Site | Rajasthan |
| Dholavira | Harappan City | Gujarat |
| Lothal | Dockyard & Trade Center | Gujarat |
| Sanchi | Buddhist Stupas | Madhya Pradesh |
| Ajanta & Ellora Caves | Rock-cut Buddhist Caves | Maharashtra |
| Rakhigarhi | Largest Harappan Site | Haryana |
| Keeladi | Sangam Age Civilization | Tamil Nadu |
4. Acts and Laws Related to ASI
✔ Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904 – British-era law to protect monuments.
✔ Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, 1958 – Strengthened ASI’s role.
✔ AMASR (Amendment) Act, 2010 – No construction within 100 meters of protected sites.
5. MCQs on ASI
- Who founded the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1861?
- (a) James Prinsep
- (b) Lord Curzon
- (c) Alexander Cunningham
- (d) John Marshall
- Answer: (c) Alexander Cunningham
- Which act regulates the conservation of ancient monuments in India?
- (a) Indian Monuments Act, 1861
- (b) Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, 1958
- (c) Indian Heritage Act, 1992
- (d) Cultural Preservation Act, 2005
- Answer: (b) Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, 1958
- Which excavation site is known as the largest Harappan site in India?
- (a) Lothal
- (b) Kalibangan
- (c) Rakhigarhi
- (d) Dholavira
- Answer: (c) Rakhigarhi
- Which Viceroy revived ASI in 1901 and appointed John Marshall as its Director-General?
- (a) Lord Lytton
- (b) Lord Curzon
- (c) Lord Ripon
- (d) Lord Dalhousie
- Answer: (b) Lord Curzon
- Which report is published by ASI documenting its archaeological activities?
- (a) Archaeology in India
- (b) Indian Epigraphy Journal
- (c) Indian Archaeology – A Review
- (d) Monument Conservation Reports
- Answer: (c) Indian Archaeology – A Review
6. Subjective Questions on ASI
- Discuss the role of ASI in preserving India’s historical heritage.
- What are the key features of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, 1958?
- Describe some of the major excavations carried out by ASI in India.
- How did Lord Curzon contribute to the revival of the ASI in 1901?
- Explain the functions and responsibilities of the ASI in protecting heritage sites.
7. Conclusion
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) plays a crucial role in excavating, conserving, and protecting India’s ancient heritage. From Indus Valley sites to Mughal monuments, ASI ensures scientific study and preservation of India’s rich history.
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