Governors-General of India (1773-1858) – Under East India Company
1. Warren Hastings (1773-1785) – First Governor-General of Bengal
✅ Regulating Act of 1773 – First law to control the East India Company.
✅ Pitt’s India Act (1784) – Gave British government more control over India.
✅ First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) – Ended with the Treaty of Salbai.
✅ Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784) – Against Hyder Ali & Tipu Sultan.
2. Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) – Introduced Permanent Settlement
✅ Permanent Settlement of Bengal (1793) – Zamindari system introduced.
✅ Civil Service Reforms – Only Britishers could get high posts.
✅ Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792) – Defeated Tipu Sultan.
3. Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) – Expansionist Policies
✅ Subsidiary Alliance System (1798) – Indian states forced to accept British protection.
✅ Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) – Defeated & killed Tipu Sultan.
✅ Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805) – Defeated Marathas.
4. Lord Hastings (1813-1823) – Defeated Marathas
✅ Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818) – Ended Peshwa rule.
✅ Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816) – Led to Treaty of Sugauli.
5. Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835) – Social Reforms
✅ Abolished Sati (1829) – With help of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
✅ Introduced English Education System (1835).
✅ Suppressed Thuggee (criminal gangs).
✅ Charter Act of 1833 – Ended East India Company’s commercial activities.
6. Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) – Doctrine of Lapse & Modernization
✅ Doctrine of Lapse – Annexed Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur.
✅ First Railway Line (1853) – Mumbai to Thane.
✅ Electric Telegraph (1853) & Postal Reforms (1854).
✅ Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849) – Punjab annexed.
7. Lord Canning (1856-1862) – First Viceroy of India
✅ Governor-General during the Revolt of 1857.
✅ Government of India Act (1858) – Ended Company rule, started British Crown rule.
✅ Introduced Indian Penal Code (1860).
✅ Established Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras (1857).
Viceroys of India (1858-1947) – Under British Crown
1. Lord Canning (1858-1862) – First Viceroy of India
✅ Revolt of 1857 Suppression.
✅ Indian Councils Act (1861) – Allowed Indians in the legislative process.
2. Lord Lytton (1876-1880) – Vernacular Press Act
✅ Vernacular Press Act (1878) – Restricted Indian newspapers.
✅ Delhi Durbar (1877) – Declared Queen Victoria as Empress of India.
✅ Famine of 1876-78 – British failed to help.
3. Lord Ripon (1880-1884) – Father of Local Self-Government
✅ Repealed Vernacular Press Act (1882).
✅ Introduced Local Self-Government (1882).
✅ First Factory Act (1881) – Limited working hours for women and children.
4. Lord Curzon (1899-1905) – Partition of Bengal
✅ Partition of Bengal (1905) – To divide Hindus and Muslims.
✅ Established Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
5. Lord Minto (1905-1910) – Morley-Minto Reforms
✅ Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) – Introduced separate electorates for Muslims.
6. Lord Hardinge (1910-1916) – Capital Shifted to Delhi
✅ Delhi became the capital of India (1911).
✅ Bihar and Orissa were separated from Bengal.
7. Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) – Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
✅ Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) – Gave limited self-rule to Indians.
✅ Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) – General Dyer killed hundreds of peaceful protesters.
8. Lord Irwin (1926-1931) – Gandhi-Irwin Pact
✅ Simon Commission (1927) – No Indian members, led to protests.
✅ Civil Disobedience Movement (1930).
✅ Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) – Ended Civil Disobedience Movement.
9. Lord Linlithgow (1936-1943) – Quit India Movement
✅ Government of India Act (1935) – Gave limited Indian self-rule.
✅ Quit India Movement (1942) – British suppressed it.
✅ Second World War – India forced to participate.
10. Lord Mountbatten (1947) – Last Viceroy of India
✅ Indian Independence Act (1947) – India & Pakistan became independent.
✅ Partition of India (1947) – Led to mass violence and migrations.
Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)
Governors-General of India (1773-1858)
- Who was the first Governor-General of Bengal?
a) Lord Cornwallis
b) Lord Dalhousie
c) Warren Hastings
d) Lord Canning
✅ Answer: c) Warren Hastings - Which Governor-General introduced the Permanent Settlement of Bengal?
a) Lord Wellesley
b) Lord Cornwallis
c) Lord Hastings
d) Lord Dalhousie
✅ Answer: b) Lord Cornwallis - Which Governor-General introduced the Doctrine of Lapse?
a) Lord Dalhousie
b) Lord Curzon
c) Lord Lytton
d) Lord Ripon
✅ Answer: a) Lord Dalhousie
Viceroys of India (1858-1947)
- Who was the first Viceroy of India?
a) Lord Canning
b) Lord Ripon
c) Lord Curzon
d) Lord Minto
✅ Answer: a) Lord Canning - During whose tenure was the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)?
a) Lord Curzon
b) Lord Chelmsford
c) Lord Lytton
d) Lord Mountbatten
✅ Answer: b) Lord Chelmsford - Who was the last Viceroy of India?
a) Lord Linlithgow
b) Lord Mountbatten
c) Lord Curzon
d) Lord Hardinge
✅ Answer: b) Lord Mountbatten
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