The Indian National Congress (INC), founded on December 28, 1885, was pivotal in India’s struggle for independence from British rule. It evolved through three phases: Moderate, Extremist, and Gandhian. INC led significant movements and negotiations, shaping modern Indian governance and the Constitution post-independence, solidifying its historical importance.
Tag: State PCS
Lord Louis Mountbatten served as the last Viceroy of British India (March 1947 – August 1947) and the first Governor-General of independent India (August 1947 – June 1948). He played a crucial role in the partition of India and the transfer of power. 1. Key Events During Lord Mountbatten’s Tenure 1.1 Mountbatten Plan (June 3, […]
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Lord Irwin (1926–1931)
Lord Irwin served as the Viceroy of India from 1926 to 1931 during a crucial phase of the Indian freedom movement. His tenure was marked by civil disobedience, negotiations with Indian leaders, and violent British repression. 1. Key Events During Lord Irwin’s Tenure 1.1 Simon Commission (1927) ✔ A 7-member British commission led by Sir […]
The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, also known as the Government of India Act, 1919, were introduced to increase Indian participation in governance. The reforms were based on the Montagu Declaration (1917), which promised gradual self-governance in India. 1. Background ✔ Montagu Declaration (1917): The Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, announced that India would gradually progress […]
Lord Chelmsford served as the Viceroy of India from 1916 to 1921. His tenure was marked by major political and social developments. These include World War I, the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, the Rowlatt Act, and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. 1. Key Events During Lord Chelmsford’s Tenure (1) World War I (1914–1918) and Its Impact ✔ India’s […]
The Indian Councils Act of 1861 was a landmark law passed by the British Parliament to introduce reforms in the governance of British India. It marked the beginning of representative institutions in India by expanding the Governor-General’s Council and allowing Indians to participate in the legislative process. 1. Background of the Indian Councils Act (1861) […]
The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, also known as the Indian Councils Act of 1909, was a significant step in the constitutional development of British India. It introduced separate electorates for Muslims and expanded the role of Indians in legislative councils. 1. Background of Morley-Minto Reforms ✔ Growing Demand for Representation: ✔ Partition of Bengal (1905): […]
Lord Minto II served as Viceroy of India from 1905 to 1910, overseeing significant political changes like the Morley-Minto Reforms, the Swadeshi Movement following the Partition of Bengal, and the emergence of revolutionary groups. His tenure deepened communal divisions and increased Indian political representation, impacting future national movements.
Alexander Cunningham (1814–1893) was a British Army engineer and archaeologist known as the “Father of Indian Archaeology.” He founded the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1861 and made significant contributions to the study of ancient Indian history, including identifying major Buddhist sites and deciphering ancient scripts, establishing the foundation for scientific archaeology in India.
Lord Curzon served as Viceroy of India (1899-1905), implementing notable reforms such as the Partition of Bengal and educational changes. While his policies enhanced administration and conservation efforts, they sparked significant nationalist opposition, particularly due to perceived divide-and-rule tactics. His tenure reflects both progress and contention in Indian history.