Buddhism is one of the most influential religions in India and the world. It was founded by Gautama Buddha and emphasizes non-violence, meditation, and the Middle Path. It played a crucial role in India’s history, society, and culture. Understanding Buddhism is essential for UPSC, State PSCs, SSC, and other competitive exams. 1. Founder of Buddhism […]
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Alexander in India
Alexander the Great’s invasion of India (327–325 BCE) marked a crucial interaction between the Greek world and India, impacting local politics, economy, and culture. Key events included the Battle of Hydaspes against King Porus and his army’s retreat due to exhaustion and resistance, paving the way for the rise of the Maurya Empire.
Arthashastra is an important text for UPSC, State PSCs, SSC, and other history-based competitive exams. It provides deep insights into ancient Indian political, economic, and military strategies. 1. About Kautilya and the Arthashastra 2. Structure of Arthashastra The Arthashastra consists of 15 books (Adhikaranas) covering state governance, law, economy, military, and diplomacy. A. Books on […]
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Jain Literature
Jain literature is an important topic for competitive exams like UPSC, State PSCs, SSC, and other history-based examinations. It provides insights into Jain philosophy, history, and religious teachings. 1. Jain Literature Classification Jain literature is broadly classified into two traditions: A. Śvetāmbara Literature B. Digambara Literature 2. Śvetāmbara Jain Literature A. The Twelve Angas (Canonical […]
1. Introduction 2. Timeline of Buddhist Texts Period Buddhist Texts Key Features 5th Century BCE Oral Teachings of Buddha Early discourses (Suttas) memorized by monks. 3rd Century BCE Tripitaka (Pali Canon) First written Buddhist scriptures, compiled during Third Buddhist Council (Ashoka’s reign). 1st Century BCE Jataka Tales Stories of Buddha’s past lives with moral teachings. […]
Ancient India made significant contributions to science, mathematics, medicine, astronomy, metallurgy, and engineering. Many concepts discovered by Indian scholars laid the foundation for modern scientific advancements. 1. Mathematics Ancient Indian mathematicians contributed significantly to arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Key Contributions Mathematician Contributions Aryabhata (476 CE) Concept of zero (0), value of pi (π), trigonometry, […]
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Vedic Literature –
Vedic Literature is the oldest and most significant source of knowledge about the Vedic Age (1500 BCE – 600 BCE). It consists of religious hymns, rituals, philosophy, and historical insights. Classification of Vedic Literature Vedic Literature is broadly divided into two categories: The four main texts of Shruti are: 1. The Four Vedas Veda Main […]
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Arrival of Aryans in India
The Aryans were Indo-European-speaking people who migrated to India around 1500 BCE. Their arrival marks the beginning of the Vedic Age. This migration significantly influenced Indian society, culture, economy, and religion. Origin and Migration of Aryans Routes of Aryan Migration The Aryans entered India through the northwest, passing through modern Afghanistan and Pakistan. They settled […]
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Iron Age in India –
The Iron Age in India marks the period when iron tools and weapons became widespread. This led to significant advancements in agriculture. There were also notable improvements in warfare and urbanization. This phase began around 1200 BCE and continued until the emergence of Mauryan rule (4th century BCE). Key Features of the Iron Age in […]
The Chalcolithic Age in India (2500-700 BCE) marks the transition from the Neolithic to the Iron Age, characterized by the use of copper tools alongside stone. Agrarian societies lived in mudbrick houses, engaged in trade, and showcased pottery skills. Climate changes and cultural shifts led to the decline of these cultures.